I am studying Harmonics right now. It appears the formula E = mc^2 = hv / λ has great significance and π a role in every equation.

White Hex Corporation is declaring Peace by stopping the War called Relational Database Technology.

White Hex Corporation is Changing

易經

Yì Jīng

Change Book

Introducing

易經面經

Yì Jīng Miàn Jīng

“Change Book Face Book”

A Facebook Gift App

I have been putting in significant time absorbing the entire contents  of this book.

Unicode is a computing industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world’s writing systems. Developed in tandem with the Universal Character Set standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode consists of a repertoire of more than 107,000 characters covering 90 scripts, a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding methodology and set of standard character encodings, an enumeration of character properties such as upper and lower case, a set of reference data computer files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic or Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts).^[1]

The Unicode Consortium, the nonprofit organization that coordinates Unicode’s development, has the ambitious goal of eventually replacing existing character encoding schemes with Unicode and its standard Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) schemes, as many of the existing schemes are limited in size and scope and are incompatible with multilingual environments.

Unicode’s success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread and predominant use in the internationalization and localization of computer software. The standard has been implemented in many recent technologies, including XML, the Java programming language, the Microsoft .NET Framework, and modern operating systems.

Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8 (which uses 1 byte for all ASCII characters, which have the same code values as in the standard ASCII encoding, and up to 4 bytes for other characters), the now-obsolete UCS-2 (which uses 2 bytes for all characters, but does not include every character in the Unicode standard), and UTF-16 (which extends UCS-2, using 4 bytes to encode characters missing from UCS-2).

The Unicode Consortium: http://unicode.org/

The relational model is said to be based on Cartesian mathematics.  Descartes greatest contribution was a Cartesian geometry which was the creation of a coordinate system for Euclidean geometry and geometry in general.  Whatever database you use, it has a coordinate system which gives it its structure.  Even a single bit is a structure all by itself.  Cartesian geometry took Euclidean geometry out of synthesis based on theorems and logic and moved it into coordinates based on analysis and algebra.  We are dealing with linear analysis and linear algebra when we are talking about the relational model and it forms the foundation for calculus and relational calculus which lead to  E. F. Codd’s inventing the relational model for database management, the theoretical basis for relational databases.

The truth about a relational database is conceptually it is only one table.  Only one.  Any relational database could be converted into a single spreadsheet.  So, why all the tables?

First, every database can be separated into the logical structure and the physical content.  The logical structure is called the schema and the physical content is called the data.  Logical and physical separation optimizes the administration, management and employment of the database.  As soon as you separate the logical and physical tables you eliminate an enormous amount of duplication in the system as well as all the effort required to maintain the correct values among all the duplicates.  This optimization is the first normalization of the database.

Now, Codd came up with what are known as The Twelve Rules which I have copied from Wikipedia:

Rule 0: The system must qualify as relational, as a database, and as a management system.

For a system to qualify as a relational database management system (RDBMS), that system must use its relational facilities (exclusively) to manage the database.

Rule 1: The information rule:

All information in the database is to be represented in one and only one way, namely by values in column positions within rows of tables.

Rule 2: The guaranteed access rule:

All data must be accessible. This rule is essentially a restatement of the fundamental requirement for primary keys. It says that every individual scalar value in the database must be logically addressable by specifying the name of the containing table, the name of the containing column and the primary key value of the containing row.

Rule 3: Systematic treatment of null values:

The DBMS must allow each field to remain null (or empty). Specifically, it must support a representation of “missing information and inapplicable information” that is systematic, distinct from all regular values (for example, “distinct from zero or any other number”, in the case of numeric values), and independent of data type. It is also implied that such representations must be manipulated by the DBMS in a systematic way.

Rule 4: Active online catalog based on the relational model:

The system must support an online, inline, relational catalog that is accessible to authorized users by means of their regular query language. That is, users must be able to access the database’s structure (catalog) using the same query language that they use to access the database’s data.

Rule 5: The comprehensive data sublanguage rule:

The system must support at least one relational language that

1. Has a linear syntax
2. Can be used both interactively and within application programs,
3. Supports data definition operations (including view definitions), data manipulation operations (update as well as retrieval), security and integrity constraints, and transaction management operations (begin, commit, and rollback).

Rule 6: The view updating rule:

All views that are theoretically updatable must be updatable by the system.

Rule 7: High-level insert, update, and delete:

The system must support set-at-a-time insert, update, and delete operators. This means that data can be retrieved from a relational database in sets constructed of data from multiple rows and/or multiple tables. This rule states that insert, update, and delete operations should be supported for any retrievable set rather than just for a single row in a single table.

Rule 8: Physical data independence:

Changes to the physical level (how the data is stored, whether in arrays or linked lists etc.) must not require a change to an application based on the structure.

Rule 9: Logical data independence:

Changes to the logical level (tables, columns, rows, and so on) must not require a change to an application based on the structure. Logical data independence is more difficult to achieve than physical data independence.

Rule 10: Integrity independence:

Integrity constraints must be specified separately from application programs and stored in the catalog. It must be possible to change such constraints as and when appropriate without unnecessarily affecting existing applications.

Rule 11: Distribution independence:

The distribution of portions of the database to various locations should be invisible to users of the database. Existing applications should continue to operate successfully :

1. when a distributed version of the DBMS is first introduced; and
2. when existing distributed data are redistributed around the system.

Rule 12: The nonsubversion rule:

If the system provides a low-level (record-at-a-time) interface, then that interface cannot be used to subvert the system, for example, bypassing a relational security or integrity constraint.

Now there is another way to look at Codd’s Twelve Rules that is not often discussed directly and that is the OSI Model. The OSI Model is used to describe network layers and it is perfectly logical to regard a relational database as a dynamic lattice network composed of conceptual layers.

The Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for layered communications and computer network protocol design. It was developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) initiative. In its most basic form, it divides network architecture into seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link, and Physical Layers. It is therefore often referred to as the OSI Seven Layer Model.

A layer is a collection of conceptually similar functions that provide services to the layer above it and receives service from the layer below it. On each layer an instance provides services to the instances at the layer above and requests service from the layer below. For example, a layer that provides error-free communications across a network provides the path needed by applications above it, while it calls the next lower layer to send and receive packets that make up the contents of the path. Conceptually two instances at one layer are connected by a horizontal protocol connection on that layer.

If we look at the Relational Model and Codd’s rules in the context of the OSI Model we can think of the rules in the following way as a hybrid I call the Czerepak Rules:

The Czerepak Rules

• Why Layer: Protect Application Input definition from Catalog View definition.

• See Layer: Protect Catalog View definition from Catalog User definition

• Use Layer: Protect Catalog User definition from Catalog Language definition.

• Act Layer: Protect Catalog Language definition from Catalog Column definition

• Col Layer: Protect Catalog Column definition from Catalog Row definition

• Row Layer: Protect Catalog Row Definition from Catalog Constraint definition

• Yes Layer: Protect Catalog Constraint definition from Catalog Input definition

• Why Layer: Protect Catalog Input definition from Data View definition.

• See Layer: Protect Data View definition from Data User definition

• Use Layer: Protect Data User definition from Data Language  definition

• Act Layer: Protect Data Language definition from Data Column definition

• Col Layer: Protect Data Column definition from Data Row definition

• Row Layer: Protect Data Row Definition from Data Constraint definition

• Yes Layer: Protect Data Constraint definition from Data Input definition

• Why Layer: Application Layer: Protect Data Input definition from Access Method View Definition

If you look carefully at the list you will see that it extends beyond the top and beyond the bottom in an infinite regression.

“Turtles all the way down,” or “The Infinite Turtle Theory,” refers to the infinite regression problem in cosmology posed by the Unmoved mover paradox. The phrase was popularized by Stephen Hawking in 1988. The “turtle” metaphor in the anecdote represents a popular notion of a “primitive cosmological myth“, viz. the flat earth supported on the back of a World Turtle.

It is interesting to note that “czerepak” is a Yiddish word which means “turtle”.

A comparable metaphor describing the circular cause and consequence for the same problem is the “chicken and egg problem“. Another metaphor addressing the problem of infinite regression, albeit not in a cosmological context, is Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? The same problem in epistemology is known as the Münchhausen Trilemma.